Phytochemical and Ethnomedicinal Review of Justica adhatoda :A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Justica adhatoda commonly referred to as Vasaka or Malabar nut, is a medicinal plant extensively used in traditional systems such as Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha. This review consolidates current knowledge on its botanical characteristics, phytochemistry, traditional applications, pharmacological activities, and toxicology. The plant is rich in quinazoline alkaloids, notably vasicine and vasicinone, which are responsible for its prominent bronchodilatory, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and uterotonic effects. Its efficacy has been demonstrated in preclinical studies against respiratory conditions, microbial infections, oxidative stress, and even in silico antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. While traditional use supports its safety, modern toxicological assessments highlight the need for dose standardization. This paper underscores the relevance of J.adhatoda as a therapeutic resource and calls for further pharmacological validation and clinical trials.